Military doctrine ĭifferent countries use different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics.Ī sniper's primary function in modern warfare is to stay concealed at all times and avoid detection. Main articles: Snipers of the Soviet Union, Scout Sniper, Designated marksman, Special reconnaissance, and ISTAR Over-watch being provided by an army sergeant during a high-level meeting, Baghdad, Iraq. The term cecchino is derived from Cecco (Beppe), familiarly and mockingly referring to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I (in Italian Francesco Giuseppe I Cecco and Beppe are nicknames for Francesco and Giuseppe respectively). Completely different and peculiar is the Italian term cecchino, in common use since First World War. Other words for sniper include franc-tiréur, tiréur d'élite and atirador de escol. Snipers are also called "hunters" in many languages, due to the nature of the craft (with the hunting horn also being a symbol of marksmanship), being called caçadores, chasseurs and Jäger. During the American Civil War, Confederate marksmen equipped with the imported Whitworth rifles were known as the Whitworth Sharpshooters. The earliest known date for the creation of a shooting club formed specifically for the use of firearms comes from Lucerne, Switzerland, where one club has a charter dating from 1466. Small companies of shooters ( Schützenfähnlein) from the German states and Swiss cantons would form teams of Scharfschützen for such popular competitions proudly carrying flags depicting a crossbow on one side and a target musket on the other.
The word alludes to good marksmanship, itself descendent of the shooting competitions ( Schützenfeste) that took place throughout the year in Munich in the 15th century. The older term sharpshooter comes from the calque of German word Scharfschütze, in use by British newspapers as early as 1801. The term sniper was first attested militarily in 1824, becoming common place in the First World War. This evolved to the agent noun sniper, first appearing by the 1820s. Accomplishing such a shot was regarded as exceptional, and inevitably during the late 18th century, the term snipe shooting was simplified to sniping. In the 18th century, letters sent home by English officers in India referred to a day's rough shooting as "going sniping", as it took a skilled flintlock sportsman a lot of patience and endurance to wing-shoot a snipe in flight. Snipe hunters therefore needed to be stealthy in addition to being good trackers and marksmen.
The name sniper comes from the verb to snipe, which originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India in reference to shooting snipes, a wader that was considered an extremely challenging game bird for hunters due to its alertness, camouflaging color and erratic flight behavior. In training, snipers are given charts that they're drilled on to ensure they can make last-minute calculations when they are in the field.
They also need to have the skill set to use data from their scope and monitors to adjust their aim to hit targets that are extremely far away. Snipers need to have complete control of their bodies and senses in order to be effective. In addition to long-range and high-grade marksmanship, military snipers are trained in a variety of special operation techniques: detection, stalking, target range estimation methods, camouflage, tracking, bushcraft, field craft, infiltration, special reconnaissance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition. Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with high-precision rifles and high-magnification optics, and often also serve as scouts/ observers feeding tactical information back to their units or command headquarters. A sniper is a military/ paramilitary marksman who engages targets from positions of concealment or at distances exceeding the target's detection capabilities.
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